Nodularin

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Description

Nodularin is a monocyclic pentapeptide that is both genotoxic and hepatotoxic, characterized by its remarkable stability and resistance to degradation from light, heat, and microwaves. Nodularin is primarily produced by Nodularia spumigena in brackish waters. It is similar to microcystin-LR in structure and mechanism of toxicity, but is more water soluble. While it primarily targets the liver, nodularin also tends to accumulate in other organs, including the blood, intestines, and kidneys. One of the key mechanisms of its toxicity involves the inhibition of several critical protein phosphatases, specifically protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), with a lesser effect on protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B). By obstructing these phosphatases, nodularin disrupts essential cellular signaling pathways, resulting in increased phosphorylation of proteins, which may ultimately lead to cellular dysfunction and contribute to its toxic effects.

Specification

Item	Nodularin
Catalog	MC118399227
CAS	118399-22-7
Molecular Formula	C₄₁H₆₀N₈O₁₀
Molecular Weight	824.96
Purity	>95%
Solubility	Soluble in methanol:water (1:1).
Appearance	White to brown powder
Source	Isolated from Nodularia spumigena.
MDL Number	MFCD16659855
SMILES	C/C=C\1/C(=O)N[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](CCC(=O)N1C)C(=O)O)C)/C=C/C(=C/[C@H](C)[C@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)OC)/C)CCCN=C(N)N)C)C(=O)O
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C41H60N8O10/c1-8-31-38(54)48-34(40(57)58)26(5)36(52)46-29(15-12-20-44-41(42)43)37(53)45-28(25(4)35(51)47-30(39(55)56)18-19-33(50)49(31)6)17-16-23(2)21-24(3)32(59-7)22-27-13-10-9-11-14-27/h8-11,13-14,16-17,21,24-26,28-30,32,34H,12,15,18-20,22H2,1-7H3,(H,45,53)(H,46,52)(H,47,51)(H,48,54)(H,55,56)(H,57,58)(H4,42,43,44)/b17-16+,23-21+,31-8-/t24-,25-,26-,28-,29-,30+,32-,34+/m0/s1
InChi Key	IXBQSRWSVIBXNC-HSKGSTCASA-N
Storage Temperature	Store at -10 °C to -25 °C.

Mechanism of Action

Nodularin primarily targets the liver, causing:

Cytoskeletal damage: It leads to necrosis and rapid blistering of liver cells (hepatocytes).
Inhibition of protein phosphatases: Nodularin inhibits key enzymes involved in cellular signaling, leading to increased phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins, which disrupts cell morphology and integrity.

Choose Alfa Chemistry

Alfa Chemistry is dedicated to providing outstanding quality and continuously pushing the boundaries of innovation within our industry. Our mission is centered on harnessing the vast potential of marine resources to deliver a diverse array of premium products. We take great pride in our ability to supply high-quality nodularin at competitive prices. If you have specific requirements or inquiries, please do not hesitate to reach out to us. We are here to assist you and are eager to fulfill your needs.

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.