Description
Palytoxin is a potent and complex natural toxin originally isolated from the marine zoanthid Palythoa toxica. It is one of the most potent non-protein toxins. It possesses a complex molecular structure characterized by an extended carbon chain and multiple hydroxyl groups. This toxin is known for its strong vasoconstrictive effects and ability to disrupt cellular ion gradients. Its mechanism of action is complex and affects a variety of cellular processes, leading to severe physiological effects in humans and other animals.
Specification
| Item | Palytoxin From Palythoa |
|---|
| Catalog | MC77734919 |
| CAS | 77734-91-9 |
| Synonym | PTX |
| Molecular Formula | C129H223N3O54 |
| Molecular Weight | 2680.14 |
| Purity | >98% |
| Solubility | Soluble in water. |
| Appearance | Non-crystalline solid |
| Canonical SMILES | CC1CC2(C(OC(C1)(O2)CCCCCCCC(CC3C(C(C(C(O3)(CC(C(C)C=CC(CCC(C(C4CC(C(C(O4)CC(C(CC5C(C(C(C(O5)CC(C=CC=CCC(C(C(CC=CC(=C)CCC(C(C(C(C)CC6C(C(C(C(O6)C=CC(C(CC7CC8CC(O7)C(O8)CCC9C(CC(O9)CN)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)CC(C)CCCCCC(C(C(C(C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)CC(C(C(=CC(CC(C)C(C(=O)NC=CC(=O)NCCCO)O)O)C)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)C |
| Isomeric SMILES | C[C@H]1C[C@@]2([C@H](O[C@](C1)(O2)CCCCCCC[C@@H](C[C@@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@](O3)(C[C@@H]([C@@H](C)/C=C/[C@H](CC[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]4C[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)C[C@H]([C@@H](C[C@@H]5[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C[C@@H](/C=C\C=C\C[C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](C/C=C\C(=C)CC[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C)C[C@@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)/C=C\[C@H]([C@@H](C[C@@H]7C[C@@H]8C[C@H](O7)[C@H](O8)CC[C@@H]9[C@@H](C[C@H](O9)CN)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)C[C@@H](C)CCCCC[C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O1)C[C@@H]([C@@H](/C(=C/[C@@H](C[C@@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N/C=C/C(=O)NCCCO)O)O)/C)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)C |
| InChi Key | CWODDUGJZSCNGB-HQNRRURTSA-N |
| Storage Temperature | 4 °C |
Mode of Action
Palytoxin is a potent marine toxin that exerts its effects by interacting with the sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) pump, which is critical for maintaining the electrochemical gradients across the plasma membranes of cells.
- Binding to Na+/K+-ATPase: Palytoxin binds to the Na+/K+-ATPase pump on the cell membrane. Normally, this pump functions to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, utilizing ATP for energy.
- Conversion to a non-specific ion channel: When palytoxin binds to the Na+/K+-ATPase, it alters the conformation of the pump, effectively converting it from an ion pump into a non-specific ion channel.
- Loss of ionic gradients: This transformation allows ions, particularly sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), to flow freely across the membrane, down their concentration gradients. As a result, there is a loss of the normal ionic gradients across the cell membrane, leading to depolarization of the cell.
- Cellular dysfunction: The uncontrolled flow of ions disrupts the membrane potential and normal cellular functions, including nerve signal transmission, muscle contraction, and other critical cellular processes that depend on the ionic gradients and membrane potential.
- Cytotoxicity and cell death: Ultimately, the disruption of ionic homeostasis leads to cell swelling, membrane rupture, and cell death. In multicellular organisms, this can result in tissue damage and toxic effects.
Research Applications
Palytoxin has several research applications:
- Chemistry. In the field of chemistry, Palytoxin serves as an exemplary model for exploring the intricate processes involved in the synthesis of complex natural products.
- Biology. In biological research, palytoxin is a valuable tool for studying ion channels and the regulation of cellular ion gradients, providing insights into fundamental cellular mechanisms.
- Medicine. In the realm of medicine, this compound is being actively investigated for its potential therapeutic benefits in cancer treatment, owing to its unique capacity to disrupt key cellular functions.
Choose Alfa Chemistry
Alfa Chemistry is dedicated to quality and innovation. By harnessing the boundless potential of marine resources, we have developed an extensive portfolio of premium products designed to meet the evolving needs of our customers. We proudly offer a wide array of marine toxin products, including palytoxin from palythoa, at competitive prices. If you have any specific requirements or inquiries, please do not hesitate to reach out to us. We are here to assist you and meet your needs promptly.
For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
