Marine toxins represent a significant class of secondary metabolites found in marine organisms. These substances possess unique biological activities that can exert sharp stimulating effects and even lethal consequences on other living beings. Unlike protein-based toxins, marine toxins are relatively low molecular weight compounds, most of which are characterized by novel and intricate chemical structures. Notably, many of these distinct compounds are discovered exclusively within the secondary metabolites of marine flora and fauna. From the perspective of biological activity, most marine toxins are chemical substances that marine organisms use to hunt other organisms or defend against natural enemies. When marine organisms release these toxins into the vast expanse of seawater, the sheer volume of the water acts as a diluent. Thus, even at extremely low concentrations, marine toxins can still exhibit significant toxicity and lethal potential. Pharmacological studies of the known marine toxins reveal that many possess remarkably high biological activity and selective toxicity, primarily targeting the nervous system and cardiovascular system of other organisms. In addition, marine toxins not only serve as promising lead compounds for the development of pharmaceuticals aimed at treating cancer and cardiovascular diseases but also provide essential foundational reagents for ongoing drug research and development.
Classification
The classification of marine toxins can be done based on several criteria, including their biological source, mode of action, and effects on the environment. Below is a detailed introduction to the various classifications of marine toxins:
Classification by Biological Source
Marine toxins can be classified based on their origin, which includes:
- Phytoplankton toxins. Many marine toxins are produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) of phytoplankton. Examples include microcystin, okadaic acid, etc.
- Zooplankton toxins. Some zooplankton can also accumulate toxins from phytoplankton and transfer them through the food web.
- Invertebrate toxins. Jellyfish, mollusks, and other marine invertebrates can produce or accumulate toxins.
- Fish toxins. Certain fish can have toxins from their diet or may produce them themselves.
Classification by Mode of Action
Marine toxins can also be classified according to their biological mechanism:
- Neurotoxins. Affect the nervous system, leading to paralysis or other neurological symptoms.
- Cytotoxins. Cause damage to cells, leading to cell death, such as some components of cone snail venom.
- Enterotoxins. Affect the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea. An example is okadaic acid associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP).
Classification by Effects on Environment
Marine toxins can also be classified based on their environmental impact:
- Persistent toxins. Toxins that remain in the environment for long periods and may bioaccumulate in marine organisms.
- Transient toxins. Toxins that do not persist in the environment and may be rapidly degraded.
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For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
